An Explanation on the Reasons and Effects of the Independent Establishment of the Taixue in the Fourth Year of Qingli
-
摘要: 庆历四年太学的独立设置,标志着北宋的教育重心从品官子弟向平民子弟转移,开启了宋代教育发展的新纪元。为弥补宋初人才培养和选拔体制的缺陷,顺应教育下移的时代发展趋势,仁宗朝廷在借鉴西汉至五代各朝中央官学体制架构的基础上,结合历代朝廷重臣所提的兴学建议,延续了当朝初期的太学馆制度,专为八品以下及庶民子弟建立太学,以期实现为国育才的目的。庆历四年独立设置太学受当时教育改革环境影响,是仁宗朝廷改革不合时宜的人才培养和选拔体制所取得的代表性成就,对当时及以后教育的发展产生了重要影响。Abstract: The independent establishment of the Taixue in the fourth year of the Qingli, marked the shift of the educational focus of the Northern Song court from the nobility to the common people, which opened a new era in the development of Song education. In order to make up for the defects of the talent training and selection system in the early Song Dynasty and to meet the trend of education downward, the court of Emperor Renzong, on the basis of the structure of the central governmental school system in various dynasties from the Western Han Dynasty to the Fifth Dynasty, combined with the suggestions proposed by the important ministers in the court for promoting education, continued the system of Taixue Hall set up at the beginning of this dynasty and established Taixue exclusively for the people below the eighth grade as well as the children of common people, in order to realize the purpose of cultivating talents for the country. The establishment of the Taixue as an independent school in the fourth year of the Qingli, was influenced by the environment of the educational reform at that time. It was a representative achievement through reforming the anachronistic talent cultivation and the selection system by the court of Emperor Renzong, which had an important impact on the development of education at that time and later.
-
Key words:
- Qingli Education Promotion Movement /
- Taixue /
- Education downstream /
- Three museum system
-
表 1 宋初状元出身情况简表
时期 高级官员出身 比例 中下级官员出身 比例 寒素家庭出身 比例 太祖(15人) 5 33% 5 34% 5 33% 太宗(8人) 1 12% 5 63% 2 25% 真宗(12人) 2 17% 2 17% 8 66% 合计(35人) 8 23% 12 34% 15 43% 资料来源:徐红.北宋初期进士研究[M].北京:人民出版社, 2009:82. -
[1] [元] 脱脱. 宋史[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1985. [2] 乔卫平. 中国教育制度通史(第3卷)[M]. 济南: 山东教育出版社. 2000: 48-51 [3] 郭齐家, 等. 中国教育史研究(宋元分卷)[M]. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社. 2009: 195. [4] [元] 马端临. 文献通考[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 2011: 1204. [5] [汉] 班固. 汉书[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1962. [6] 俞启定, 施克灿. 中国教育制度通史(第1卷)[M]. 济南: 山东教育出版社. 2000: 324-325. [7] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第五册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006: 310. [8] 刘琳, 刁忠民, 舒大刚. 宋会要辑稿(5)[M]. 上海: 上海古籍出版社. 2014. [9] 龚延明. 宋代官制辞典(增补本)[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 2017: 388. [10] 刘琳, 刁忠民, 舒大刚. 宋会要辑稿(6)[M]. 上海: 上海古籍出版社. 2014. [11] [宋] 李寿. 续资治通鉴长编[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 2004. [12] 刘琳, 刁忠民, 舒大刚. 宋会要辑稿(9)[M]. 上海: 上海古籍出版社. 2014. [13] 近藤一成. 张永江. 宋初的国子监[J]. 河北师院学报(社会科学版). 1994(03): 52-54. [14] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第九册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006: 178-180. [15] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第三册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006: 58. [16] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第十四册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006: 282. [17] [梁] 萧子显. 南齐书[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1972: 145. [18] [北齐] 魏收. 魏书[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1974. [19] 程苏东. 北魏经学制度三论[J]. 清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2020 (6): 84. [20] [唐] 李百药. 北齐书[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1972: 82. [21] 宋大川, 王建军. 中国教育制度通史(第2卷)[M]. 济南: 山东教育出版社. 2000: 102. [22] [唐] 魏徵, 令狐德棻. 隋书[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1973: 793. [23] [宋] 欧阳修, 宋祁. 新唐书[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1975: 1159. [24] [宋] 王溥. 五代会要[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1998: 212-213. [25] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第二十八册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006: 224. [26] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第二十三册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006. [27] [宋] 欧阳修. 欧阳修全集[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 2001: 1590. [28] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第十八册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006. [29] 李兵. 宋代科举"抑势家. 拔寒士"政策考论[J]. 中国考试. 2021(10): 83. [30] [宋] 叶梦得. 石林燕语[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 1984: 112. [31] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第十册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006: 329. [32] [宋] 田况. 儒林公议[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 2017: 29-30. [33] 张希清. 中国科举制度通史(宋代卷上)[M]. 上海: 上海人民出版社. 2017: 364. [34] 曾枣庄, 刘琳. 全宋文(第三十五册)[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2006: 112. [35] 李修生. 全元文[M]. 南京: 凤凰出版社. 1998: 115. [36] [清] 文庆, 李宗昉. 钦定国子监志(上册)[M]. 北京: 北京古籍出版社. 2000: 111. [37] [宋] 王安石. 王安石文集[M]. 北京: 中华书局. 2021: 647.
点击查看大图
表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 39
- HTML全文浏览量: 23
- PDF下载量: 16
- 被引次数: 0