How Habit Shapes Freedom: Dewey's Theory of Habit and Dialogue with Erich Fromm
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摘要: 作为杜威思想中的核心概念，习惯在实现个体自由与社会进步中扮演着关键角色。传统视角将习惯理解为个体行为的形成机制，忽视了其在杜威思想体系中的深层次意义。杜威的习惯理论回应了现代社会的关键问题：在多元的现代社会中，如何在保障个体自由的前提下，实现公共秩序的建立？习惯既承载着个体经验，也构成社会规范的基础，成为联结个体自然本性与公共生活的中介。在此框架下，本文引入弗洛姆关于“逃避自由”的批判视角，进一步揭示习惯与自由之间的张力与统一。通过两位思想家的对话，可以看到：习惯既是实现自由的工具，也可能压抑个体的批判意识与创造性。在教育中，既要培养反思性习惯，又要警惕习惯对个体自主性的束缚，以实现个体自由与社会秩序的和谐统一。Abstract: As a central concept in John Dewey's philosophy, habit plays a crucial role in realizing individual freedom and advancing social progress. Traditional perspectives often reduce habit to a mechanism for shaping individual behavior, overlooking its deeper significance within Dewey's theoretical system. Dewey's theory of habit addresses a key issue in modern pluralistic societies: how can public order be established without compromising individual freedom in a pluralistic modern society? In Dewey's view, habit not only embodies accumulated individual experience but also forms the foundation of social norms, serving as a vital intermediary between human nature and public life. Building on this framework, this paper introduces Erich Fromm's critical perspective on the "escape from freedom" to further examine the tension and unity between habit and freedom. Through a comparative dialogue between Dewey and Fromm, it becomes evident that habit can be both a pathway to freedom and a potential force of repression, limiting critical awareness and creativity. In the field of education, this duality implies a need to cultivate reflective habits that enhance students' agency and autonomy, while remaining vigilant against the constraining effects of habitual behaviors. Only by balancing these dimensions can we achieve a harmonious integration of individual freedom and social order.
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Key words:
- Freedom /
- Habit /
- Social norms /
- John Dewey /
- Erich Fromm
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