Abstract: Education is an important means of breaking continuity of poverty between generations and relieving restriction of poverty on children's development. In education poverty alleviation, it is crucial to turn from "alleviating poverty in living" to "alleviating poverty in quality of learning", which facilitates poor children to accumulate human capital in life and achieve sustainable development. This research is based on the investigation of twelve counties in four western provinces. Using a comparative analysis method and from the aspects of analysis of learning support from families and schools, learning challenges, the richness of learning experience, etc., this research explores the existing problems of learning quality of rural poor children. It further proposes strategies to continuously enhance poor children's learning quality in the "post-poverty alleviation era", including:accurately monitoring learning quality of poor children, providing scientific basis for educational poverty alleviation, optimizing the layout and resource allocation of rural schools, enhancing the quality of rural teachers, and promoting effective interaction between rural schools and communities.