Abstract: In the new era of high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education, improving the quality of small rural school education is the key to making up for the shortcomings of rural education and ensuring that children in remote rural areas receive high-quality education. Based on this theory, the study analyzes the quality dilemma of small-scale schools from the three dimensions of school supporting input, educational process and educational output, including:enrollments from poor families; insufficient community support; shortage of educational resources; uneven leadership levels of principals; low level of campus cultural construction; single method of teaching; student with poor academic performance and poor self-esteem. Recognizing the practical dilemmas, governments at all levels should increase investment in educational resources, incorporate hidden factors of education quality into the evaluation system, activate the advantages of small-scale schools, promote school-community cooperation and high-quality resource sharing, and comprehensively improve the quality of small-scale school education.